Oral ulcers, also known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, are painful lesions that develop on the mucous membranes inside the mouth, including the inner cheeks, gums, tongue, and the roof or floor of the mouth. These ulcers appear as small, round, or oval sores with a white or grayish center and a red halo. The exact cause of oral ulcers is often unclear, but they can be triggered by various factors. Common causes include minor injuries to the mouth, such as from accidental biting or irritation from sharp food or dental appliances. Stress and hormonal changes can also contribute to the development of ulcers. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamins B12, folic acid, and iron, are associated with increased susceptibility to oral ulcers. Certain medical conditions, such as Behçet's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or autoimmune disorders, can also manifest with recurrent oral ulcers.
Treatment for oral ulcers primarily focuses on relieving pain and promoting healing. Over-the-counter topical treatments, such as antiseptic gels or ointments containing ingredients like benzocaine or hydrocortisone, can provide temporary pain relief and reduce inflammation. Rinsing the mouth with saltwater or a mouthwash containing antimicrobial agents can help keep the area clean and may prevent secondary infections. Avoiding spicy, acidic, or abrasive foods can minimize irritation and discomfort. If ulcers are associated with nutritional deficiencies, dietary adjustments or supplements may be recommended to address the deficiency. For persistent or severe cases, or if ulcers are part of a broader medical condition, a healthcare provider may prescribe stronger medications or investigate underlying health issues. Maintaining good oral hygiene and managing stress are also important in preventing and managing oral ulcers.
